Distribution transformer voltage estimation using real smart meter data

Abstract

The increasing complexity of low-voltage distribution networks, driven by the adoption of distributed energy resources and electrification, necessitates better network visibility, yet deploying physical sensors across extensive low-voltage networks remains economically prohibitive. This paper proposes the concept of virtual transformer monitors and presents a Voltage Averaging with Compensation (VAC) method using Advanced Metering Infrastructure data that eliminates the need for dedicated transformer voltage sensors. It then introduces VAC-F, a computationally efficient approximation that preserves the estimator structure while reducing computation time. Both estimate transformer voltages by..